Q. My onions are up from seed I planted in September and doing great. I planted Candy and Texas Super Sweet. Both are sweet onions. What should I do now? Nevada has a great climate for onions, both northern types like this long day Walla Walla grown in Las Vegas, short day like Texas Super Sweet or in between. Spend a little bit more and get some good sweet onions instead of traditional types. Texas Super Sweet, a short dqy onion that grows well (and tastes great) in Las Vegas Or this intermediate day onion, Candy A. Onions are planted from seed in the fall. September is good timing. Planting them too early in July or August can cause too much top growth and flowering. The trick is finding that happy balance between late summer warm weather and cool fall weather. Mid to late September and early October are usually good months for that in our climate. Watch local weather to make your final decisions. Onions can be planted from seed in the fall or transplants an sets in the spring.             Onions seedlings, now called transplants, are dug up around 1 March and replanted at their correct spacing for bulb development. I broadcast the seed in the fall so the seed is very close together. I don’t care about spacing or bulb development at that age. I just want seedlings up high enough, 6 to 8 inches tall, so I can space them out in the spring 4 inches apart. If I am shooting for jumbo size, I will plant them 6 inches apart.             If your seedlings are already about 6 inches tall then I would not fertilize them anymore. However, if they are still small I would broadcast a high nitrogen fertilizer like 21–0–0 or blood meal (12-0-0) and water it in. This shot of nitrogen fertilizer will give it a last push of new growth before it gets cold this winter and they stop growing.             In late February or early March, dig up the seedlings, careful not to damage the roots, and replant them into rows or blocks depending on your gardening method. Always replant using a starter fertilizer such as 16-20-0 or a fertilizer with a similar nitrogen to phosphorus (16/20) ratio. Fertilize onion seedlings once a month, lightly, with a nitrogen fertilizer or a foliar nitrogen fertilizer.

Q. With cooler weather here I was wondering if it is safe to cover frost sensitive vegetables with every day trash bags. I would cut some vent holes in the bags so these vegetables don’t overheat. I would not keep them covered except the coolest evenings. I have used burlap but sometimes it is difficult to keep it on some larger plants. A. Warm season vegetables and herbs like tomatoes, basil and peppers get chilling damage below 45F. It isn’t just freezing temperatures that could be a problem, but “refrigerator temperatures” could be as well. Crop covers give about 5 or 6F added protection during freezing weather. And they breathe. And they let in light. And they protect from insects. And…….             Plastic bags won’t give the plants enough protection from these types of temperatures. Row crop covers (frost covers, frost blankets) that are draped over the entire row and in contact with the soil are a better choice. Unlike trash bags, they can be left on top of the plants for several days at time. Use row crop covers that weigh about 1 ounce per square yard. They can be used for three or four years, “breathe”, and transmit at least 50% of the sunlight.             Row crop covers keep temperatures under the cover about 5 to 6° warmer than the outside temperature. Plastic bags won’t do this. Make sure row crop covers cannot be blown off the plants or the row. Tack or peg the edges to the soil. Cover the edges with soil.             The added benefit from row crop covers is protection from insects OUTSIDE the cover. If insects are trapped under the cover that won’t help protect plants and fruits from being devoured or attacked.             If using some form of pest control, apply it and then cover these plants soon after the application. Warm temperatures under crop covers help cool season types of vegetables (lettuce, spinach, broccoli, carrots) grow a bit faster and protects them from wind damage as well.

Q. I was reading your article on pruning overgrown oleanders close to the ground to renew them.  Our community has a bunch of 10-15 years old Texas Rangers. They have not been properly maintained.  If they were pruned like the oleanders, would they come back so they don’t have woody stalks at the bottom? My concern is they may not recover quickly enough and be an eyesore. A. The big advantage oleander has when cutting them close to the ground is their rapid growth the following season. With water and fertilizer applied in the spring, they can be 3 to 5 feet tall the following year after being cut nearly to the ground in late winter. Oleander can be cut to the ground, renewal pruning, without problems because it grows back so fast. Different story with Texas Rangers.             This is not true for Texas Ranger. They grow more slowly. But yes, they will regrow from the base if they are pruned close to the ground. They may take two seasons to fully recover to your satisfaction. It is up to you to decide if that is too slow under your circumstances. You may decide to take them out and replace them instead. Texas Ranger can be pruned back to the ground but they grow back slowly. This can be a problem if you want a quick recovery.             Remember, the reason that oleanders and Texas Rangers look so bad in the first place is because of how they were pruned after they were planted. If they were pruned properly in the first place they would never have “woody stalks” at the bottom. As long as the same landscape crew is pruning them, the same problem will appear in about 3 to 5 years of pruning. Then you’ll be faced with the same problem all over again. Texas Ranger gives a great floral show most of the year if it is not sheared with a hedge shears.             The proper way to prune Texas Rangers is to remove one or two of the largest or oldest “stalks” near soil level every 2 to 3 years and not use a hedge shears. This will cause the shrub to grow from these cut stalks and fill in from the base. Using a hedge shears and pruning only the top and sides causes the stalks to become older, woodier and larger in diameter. The leafy stems and flowers will be found only around the top and sides of the shrub.

Q. I’d like to trim my hawthorns because they are too tall. If I do that now in October, will I be removing the blooms that emerge in the spring? A. General rule of thumb is if a plant blooms in early spring (January, February, March and even April) then its flower buds developed during the previous late summer and fall months. Pruning with a hedge shears, or cutting off all the new growth with a hand shears, removes flower buds as well as the spring flower show. Think photinia and pyracantha. Photinia showing its red leaves and flowers in the spring             If it blooms during the summer, then it produces flowers on its new growth. In this case, winter pruning will not remove the flower show. But summer pruning does. Think oleander.             The key to whether you get a spring flower show is really more about HOW the pruning is done. Trees or shrubs that bloom in the early spring, if pruned correctly during the winter, will still provide a flower show. Pyracantha blooms in the spring   If pyracantha is pruned correctly we will get these red berries for fall and winter color.             Pruning with a hedge shears, unless the plant is part of a hedge, is never the right way to prune. When pruning shrubs, choose between two different techniques: renewal pruning or rejuvenation pruning.             Renewal pruning is what is done to Lantana. It is cut to the ground, leaving one or 2 inches sticking above the soil to provide for new growth. This type of pruning is done to overgrown, woody oleanders and many other overgrown shrubs. Lantana is pruned to the ground every year, renewal pruning, because it will die back in the winter in cold climates             Rejuvenation pruning is selectively cutting 2 to 4 of the older stems, close to the ground, every 3 to 4 years. This is done to plants that don’t grow back as quickly as Lantana or oleander. Look at the base of the shrub. Several older stems were cut to the ground leaving others. This is rejuvenation pruning.             Rejuvenation pruning selectively removes a few of the oldest stems to make way for younger growth which grows from the base. This pruning technique always leaves a floral display, regardless of the plant and when it blooms.             Prune hawthorns now and you will not interfere with the spring floral display if you use rejuvenation pruning. Pick 3 to 4 of your tallest stems and prune them back to within a few inches of the ground.

Houseplant 1 I have three issues I was hoping you could help me with. 1) Could you identify what kind of plant is in the photo “House Plant 1”?   2) Could you tell me what may be causing the edges of the leaves on that plant to be turning brown (House Plant 2)? And is it ok to stake this plant upright like it is? 3) Could you identify the plant in the photo “House Plant 3”? It was given to my girlfriend as a gift. Is it meant to be an indoor plant? Any special care involved with it? 4) I have three Rosemary bushes in my yard. One of the three (Rosemary 1) is browning on the tips of the leaves/needles. It’s still flowering though. Any ideas of the cause? “Rosemary 2” shows one of the ‘normal’ bushes. The leaves are green and supple but no flowers. A.  2.  Might be wrong but I think …… 1. Variegated ficus. To confirm ficus (genus, all plants that are ficus including figs) cut or break a living branch and white latex should be seen from the broken branch 2. Probably salts or poor drainage. Make sure the pot drains freely. When watering with tap water make sure at least 20% of the applied water drains through the container and exits taking excess salts from tap water is moving and flushed from the soil.  Don’t water too often. Use a moisture meter to gauge when to water again, lift the pot to judge its weight or use a pencil inserted into the soil to judge moisture content.  Dilute tap water with RO or distilled water about 3RO/1tap water to miminize salt damage due to the tap water. It comes from the Colorado River. 3. 3. I think your flowering houseplant your gf gave you is one of the kalanchoes. They come in dozens of flower colors. Google it and see if it is or not.  They can handle some dryness but not too much. Water them and let them get fairly dry before you water again.   To keep the flowers going as long as possible keep the temperature as low as possible, water regularly, give plenty of sunlight during the winter and apply small amounts of fertilizer (Miracle Gro, Jobes, Peters) once a month…LIGHTLY. 4 4. Rosemary should be flowering now or very shortly. Don’t cut anything back or if you shear or prune it now you will cut off all the future flowers.  Brown leaf tips with leaves that are otherwise healthy is a sign of watering too often or poor drainage or both.  If leaves are discolored and brown tips then it might be a nutrient deficiency such as iron.

Q. Any suggestions as to plants most attractive to bees which flower for the longest periods?  A. Annual flowers will give you the longest flowering period during the summer. There are some perennial herbs like rosemary, mint, oregano, burnet, coriander and borage that, once flowering and continue to flower, make great bee attractors. It’s an annual but bees love basil.             Don’t forget ornamental grasses. Bees collect a lot of pollen from grasses that are left to flower. Warm season ornamental grasses might include Japanese Silver Grass, Fountain Grass, Switch Grass and Prairie Cord Grass.             Flowering annuals to use include cosmos, calendula, asters, cornflower, small sunflowers, alyssum and clovers to get you started. Plants in the rose and legume families are usually great bee magnets.             Always plant annuals in the spring, two to four weeks before temperatures begin warming up. If they are perennials, then you can plant in the fall or spring. If you want to do a little planting yourself from seed then buy some Ligularia, Valeriana and Phacelia.

Q. Please tell me how I can save my potted plumbago from our Las Vegas winters. A. So you have a plumbago. People like them because of their blue flowers which fade to a bluish white in our intense direct sunlight. It likes our summer heat if it gets a little relief from the afternoon sun so Eastern exposure is best or filtered sunlight.             There are a couple of different kinds of plumbago so I’m guessing yours is sometimes called Cape plumbago. It hails from South Africa hence its name. so it likes the heat, can handle an occasional drought and moderately poor soils. Do you want to see a plumbago?              It does well in our desert heat but does not like our soils, unless they are amended with compost, or our winter cold. This plant does well in a Mediterranean type climate which might get light frost. We normally see it growing in South Florida and along the coast in Texas. It used to be grown in the warmer parts of Arizona and along the Colorado River until desert landscaping pushed it out of our landscapes.             You are worried about losing it to our winter freezing temperatures. If the plant has been established for at least one growing season it can freeze to the ground and come back again much like Bougainvillea.             You have it growing in a pot so move it into the garage if the temperatures appear to go below freezing during the night. Other than that, treat it like any other winter tender, potted plant. If there is a light freeze, throw a crop cover over the top of it and make sure the cover is all the way to the ground. During a heavy freeze this won’t be enough protection.             Make sure you repot this plant every 3 to 4 years. Fertilize it every other month with a rose or azalea type fertilizer and iron chelate applied to the soil and watered in. Make sure the soil drains easily and keep it slightly on the dry side between waterings. 

Q. Can you help me and suggest how to eliminate Bermudagrass in my grass lawn please? It spreads like crazy. I’ve tried Round-up weed killer but no success. The roots are so deep. Bermudagrass has stolons that creep or run along the top of the ground. They also have underground stolons that grow in a similar way. A. Roundup will kill Bermudagrass but apply it at the highest rate allowed on the label. Roundup is systemic which means it kills the plant further from where it is applied, perhaps as much as 12 inches.             You’re right. Plants with an extensive root system will only be “burned back”. They are burned back about 12 inches from the point of application. It needs to be applied several times as new growth pops up in new locations.             Bermudagrass doesn’t like shade. It won’t grow in the shade of trees for instance. It is prevented from growing in a lawn because of the shade made by the lawn grass on the soil surface. As long as shade remains on the soil, the lawn grass does a pretty good job controlling it without chemicals. Bermudagrass invasion because of line trimmer damage from edging badly             Bermuda grass grows as a weed in a lawn when shade is gone. Shade disappears when the lawn dies or is damaged. Lawns die because of irrigation, disease or insect problems. When these dead spots appear in the middle of summer and the dead grass is removed, dormant Bermudagrass will grow. When lawns die in the middle of summer, do not remove the dead grass until it is time to reseed or sod these dead spots. This is a weird shaped lawn to try and irrigate. You can’t irrigate it well. Lots of wasted water. This lawn is during winter. The bermudagrass is brown because it is dormant. The fescue is green because it can handle cold. Bermudagrass invaded the weaker part of the lawn due to irrigation problems.             Check the irrigation system. This is the most common reason lawns die or are damaged during our summer heat. Fescue remains in shady, wet spots. Bermudagrass invades dry areas in full sun. Bermudagrass invading fescue lawn because it was mowed too short and the irrigation was not installed with even distribution of water             Lawns are damaged when they are mowed too short. Lawns mowed below one and a half inches are too short and encourage Bermudagrass invasion. Line trimmers that cut the grass around sprinkler heads because the heads are too short damage the lawn and encourage Bermuda to grow in these locations.             Spraying any present day weed killer in lawns that kills bermudagrass will either turn the lawn grass yellow or kill it. There is no magic bullet yet. Keep bermudagrass from invading your lawn by: mowing it tall to produce as much shade on the soil as possible prevent damage like diseases or insects from killing the lawn in large patches so sunlight can trigger bermudagrass invasion  Avoid edging a lawn with a “bevel” cut with a line trimmer. Use a steel edger or line trim without the bevel cut When grass dies in the summer leave the dead grass in place to shade the soil surface until fall when bermudagrass grows poorly then fix the lawn

Q. I found 50 to 100 of red and black beetles running around the rocks in my yard while I was pulling weeds. If these numbers are representative, I must have thousands. A friend thinks they may be Boxelder Bugs but I don’t have any Boxelder trees in my yard. The pictures of Boxelder Bugs online are similar but do not look exactly like these. So what are they and should I declare war on them and begin spraying? Western boxelder bug A. I was confused at first when I first saw these same bugs because I also thought they were Boxelder Bugs. But they acted differently from those back East. In fact, they are Boxelder Bugs. There are Eastern and Western Boxelder bugs. They look similar but are slightly different from each other.             In the East these critters prefer trees like Boxelder, Maple and Ash. There they are more of a nuisance to homeowners than a problem. In the Western United States, they are thought of the same way; more of a nuisance than a problem. But they can pose a problem with fruit trees and in backyard orchards if their numbers are high enough.             Here they may feed and associate with ash trees in landscapes but we see them in backyard orchards as well, particularly if mulch, either wood or rock, is used to cover the soil surface. They stay alive during the winter by finding some cozy place to congregate in the mulch when it is cold. It is here they “hibernate” until warm weather and food reappears.             They can be a nuisance in fruit trees, and possibly damage young and older fruit, by their feeding. They feed on plants the same way as squash bugs, leaf footed plant bugs and stinkbugs. They suck plant juices out of soft tissues, leaf and fruit (the softer the better), with a long hypodermic needle-like mouthpart. Seems awkward to have but they tuck it across their belly when it’s not being used.             When they find leaves or immature fruit for feeding they pull out it out like a drilling rig and stick it in soft leaves or fruit. The feeding punctures and damages soft plant tissue. Sometimes it can be responsible for some disease problems. Expanding leaves become deformed and fruits dimpled as they grow. If the attack is severe or the attacked part very young, the leaf or fruit may drop from the plant.             Their damage is most noticeable in pears, apples, plums, peaches and almonds. They normally don’t create noticeable damage to ornamental trees or shrubs so we ignore them. Spraying chemicals is not worth the benefit or environmental trade-off unless their levels are sufficiently high and the damage is causing problems.

Q. My Mexican Bird of Paradise was gorgeous this year, the best ever. The flowers are now going to seed pods. Should I cut the plant back? I am wondering the proper way to care for these plants as we move in to fall and winter. A. There is some confusion about plants we call “Bird of Paradise”. If you are from southern California or the warm subtropics you may think of the “fleshy” leaved Bird of Paradise with rainbow colored flowers. These flowers grow at right angles and look a little like the beautiful beak of a bird. Bird of paradise flower Don’t confuse our cold tolerant bird of paradise with this one…winter tender African bird of paradise             In the tropics, and warm, lower elevations of the desert, we may think of the Bird of Paradise as a “feathery” shrub with beautiful red, orange and yellow flowers that frequently freeze to the ground during many cold winters here.             But in the colder parts of the desert the most reliable Bird of Paradise is similar to its feathery cousin except its flowers are all yellow. This one, the Desert Bird of Paradise, is native to Northern Mexico, Texas and New Mexico and is the most cold tolerant of the bunch. Bird of paradise can grow in some nasty places. It looks much much better if the soil is improved, irrigated when it needs it and pruned correctly.             Like most other landscape plants, fertilize the feathery Bird of Paradise once in late winter. Watch the watering of these plants they both tolerate poor soils but not watering them too often. They don’t like “wet feet”.             There are a variety of ways to prune this plant. It is extremely resilient. The only thing I have seen done wrong to it in years past by landscapers has been pruning it into a “gumball”. You definitely don’t want to do that.             If the plant looks good and you like it, leave it alone. The red one, Mexican, will freeze to the ground occasionally and grow back fuller than it was before IF it is watered and fertilized correctly.             If these feathery plants are getting too tall, next early February cut the offending stems back to a foot or less and let them regrow. Pruning them back like this forces them to act just like they froze back to the ground. Each cut will make two or three new stems that will be shorter than the original and the plant will be denser with more flowers.             Fertilize it with a rose type fertilizer, to favor flowering, in February and lightly water the fertilizer into the soil. Don’t put it too close the stems or the fertilizer “salt” might damage them.             If you don’t like the seed pods. remove them. Energy going into growing the seed pods will end up favoring some other plant growth like more flowers, longer stems or bigger roots.             Right now just remove the seed pods if you don’t like them. Let it go until January or February. At that time, prune it if you don’t like its size, shape or density. Don’t prune it if you love everything about it.