Soil: the upper layer of earth in which plants
grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of
organic remains, clay, and rock particles. (Oxford Dictionaries, online
version)
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| Typical Mojave (or Mohave) Desert scene |
It is obvious the authors who wrote
this popular definition of soil did not live in the Inland Empire, Great Basin,
Mojave (or Mohave), Sonoran or Chihuahuan deserts. Is it any wonder that people
moving into desert environments from less agri-hostile locations have so much
difficulty growing things? The importance of soils in desert production should
not be underestimated.
The further a plant is from its native
environment, the more time, energy and money is needed for it to perform
satisfactorily. When we design landscapes with plants less suitable to desert
environments, we can be certain man-hours and resources must be increased
resulting in higher costs and increasing budgets.
environment, the more time, energy and money is needed for it to perform
satisfactorily. When we design landscapes with plants less suitable to desert
environments, we can be certain man-hours and resources must be increased
resulting in higher costs and increasing budgets.
Selecting the right plant, planting it in
the right location, in the right soil and managing that soil correctly is
paramount to managing limited resources efficiently.
the right location, in the right soil and managing that soil correctly is
paramount to managing limited resources efficiently.
When I was studying at the University I
was taught that the average soil for plant production should have test results
like these: pH of 6.5-7.5, organic matter content of 3 to 5%, maximum salinity
less than 4.0 mmhos/cm (dS/m) and a porosity (collective air spaces) of
approximately 50%. As an inexperienced student, I assumed soils outside of
these ranges would extensively damage or even kill plants.
was taught that the average soil for plant production should have test results
like these: pH of 6.5-7.5, organic matter content of 3 to 5%, maximum salinity
less than 4.0 mmhos/cm (dS/m) and a porosity (collective air spaces) of
approximately 50%. As an inexperienced student, I assumed soils outside of
these ranges would extensively damage or even kill plants.
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| Typical raw Mojave Desert soil, low in organic matter, pH 8.2 and higher and never has been cropped or developed. |
Then I moved into the Mojave Desert and
became aware that plants could live outside of these ranges. Valid soil tests from
desert soils under development, but already growing honey mesquite, rabbit
brush, desert sage, creosote bush, Opuntia,
Cholla, Agave and other desert species, routinely provided a pH of 8.2 and above,
organic matter content that was not measurable, salinity exceeding 100 dS/m and
toxic salt levels like boron over 50 ppm. I knew I wasn’t in plant Hell, but
thought I could see it from here.
became aware that plants could live outside of these ranges. Valid soil tests from
desert soils under development, but already growing honey mesquite, rabbit
brush, desert sage, creosote bush, Opuntia,
Cholla, Agave and other desert species, routinely provided a pH of 8.2 and above,
organic matter content that was not measurable, salinity exceeding 100 dS/m and
toxic salt levels like boron over 50 ppm. I knew I wasn’t in plant Hell, but
thought I could see it from here.
Studying and working in the arid and
desert West and finally the deserts and arid regions of the Middle East,
Central Asia and northern and southern Africa I have learned that nearly any
desert soil is manageable. Management decisions change when the plant palette
changes.
desert West and finally the deserts and arid regions of the Middle East,
Central Asia and northern and southern Africa I have learned that nearly any
desert soil is manageable. Management decisions change when the plant palette
changes.
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| Orchard management in Ethiopia |
My personal definition of soil has changed.
Soil is a mixture of substances, either natural or man-made, which will grow
plants if properly managed. Irrigated desert soils must be managed if they are
to grow plants. Soils do not need to be black or dark brown and they may not
have organic matter in them but they will still grow plants.
Soil is a mixture of substances, either natural or man-made, which will grow
plants if properly managed. Irrigated desert soils must be managed if they are
to grow plants. Soils do not need to be black or dark brown and they may not
have organic matter in them but they will still grow plants.
Years ago friends of mine at the
University of Sonora in Hermosillo taught me a valuable lesson about amending
desert soils. I began production trials of two selections of edible Opuntia from Sonora, Mexico. I planted
pads the same distances they were planted at the field station in Hermosillo.
They were planted in unamended, raw Mojave Desert soil at UNLV’s Center for
Urban Horticulture and Water Conservation in North Las Vegas, Nevada.
University of Sonora in Hermosillo taught me a valuable lesson about amending
desert soils. I began production trials of two selections of edible Opuntia from Sonora, Mexico. I planted
pads the same distances they were planted at the field station in Hermosillo.
They were planted in unamended, raw Mojave Desert soil at UNLV’s Center for
Urban Horticulture and Water Conservation in North Las Vegas, Nevada.
 |
| Nopal cactus from Hermosillo, Mexico, (USON) planted without organics (left( and with organics (right) after two years (left) and one year (right). |
One year later faculty from the University
of Sonora came to visit the plots and see the progress that was made. The Opuntia were all growing but I was
disappointed in their progress and production of nopales (edible immature pads) and tunas (cactus fruit).
of Sonora came to visit the plots and see the progress that was made. The Opuntia were all growing but I was
disappointed in their progress and production of nopales (edible immature pads) and tunas (cactus fruit).
They asked me if I had amended the soil
with composted manure before I planted the pads. I had not. I assumed that
because these were desert plants they would perform better in a desert soil
that was not amended. I was wrong.
with composted manure before I planted the pads. I had not. I assumed that
because these were desert plants they would perform better in a desert soil
that was not amended. I was wrong.
We replanted a second area with fresh pads
of the same varieties, this time amending the soil with composted manure. The
results were remarkable. The second planting of Opuntia caught up to the older planting early in the first growing
season and exceeded it soon afterwards. This was my first lesson: desert plants
might tolerate unamended desert soils
but they may not thrive in them.
of the same varieties, this time amending the soil with composted manure. The
results were remarkable. The second planting of Opuntia caught up to the older planting early in the first growing
season and exceeded it soon afterwards. This was my first lesson: desert plants
might tolerate unamended desert soils
but they may not thrive in them.
The desert provides a unique environment
for the evolution of soils and plants that can grow in those soils. High
temperatures, low humidity, intense sunlight and lack of rainfall contribute to
desert soil’s unique appearance, structure, biology and chemistry. Once water
is added to this mix, everything changes and it can change rapidly.
for the evolution of soils and plants that can grow in those soils. High
temperatures, low humidity, intense sunlight and lack of rainfall contribute to
desert soil’s unique appearance, structure, biology and chemistry. Once water
is added to this mix, everything changes and it can change rapidly.
This does not mean desert soils should not
be improved. They can and should be improved if we are to grow a wide range of
plants. But it is important to understand that amendments produced in desert
environments may have different qualities from amendments produced in wetter,
cooler climates.
be improved. They can and should be improved if we are to grow a wide range of
plants. But it is important to understand that amendments produced in desert
environments may have different qualities from amendments produced in wetter,
cooler climates.
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| Desert soil improved with compost for vegetable production. It will be deeply incorporated and the amended soil shaped into beds for production. |
Two major problems which can occur in soil
amendments produced in desert environments are high levels of salts and
difficulty in wetting (hydrophobic) the amendment due to a very low moisture
content. These are frequent criticisms of amendments and composts produced in
desert climates.
amendments produced in desert environments are high levels of salts and
difficulty in wetting (hydrophobic) the amendment due to a very low moisture
content. These are frequent criticisms of amendments and composts produced in
desert climates.
Salinity problems arise from a high total
salt content in the amendment or from specific compounds which contain elements
that can damage plants. Specific elements that can damage plants, and should be
reported in laboratory tests by suppliers, include boron, sodium and chlorides.
With some monitoring by amendment producers, levels of these specific elements that
can be damaging to plants can be lowered or minimized.
salt content in the amendment or from specific compounds which contain elements
that can damage plants. Specific elements that can damage plants, and should be
reported in laboratory tests by suppliers, include boron, sodium and chlorides.
With some monitoring by amendment producers, levels of these specific elements that
can be damaging to plants can be lowered or minimized.
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| Salt damage to Meyer lemon. |
Total salinity of amendments produced in
desert climates may be a problem if the range in salinity acceptable for soil
amendments is 3 – 4 dS/m and poor quality water, such as Colorado River water,
is used to leach excessive salts. It takes more water to reduce salts in desert
environments than in wetter climates. More water usually translates to higher
costs of production.
desert climates may be a problem if the range in salinity acceptable for soil
amendments is 3 – 4 dS/m and poor quality water, such as Colorado River water,
is used to leach excessive salts. It takes more water to reduce salts in desert
environments than in wetter climates. More water usually translates to higher
costs of production.
Remember that the salinity of Colorado
River water in the Lower Basin approaches 1.2 dS/m. In other words, for every
300,000 gallons of water used for leaching, about 1 ton of salt is delivered to
the compost. These salts must also be leached, reducing the leaching
effectiveness of the applied water.
River water in the Lower Basin approaches 1.2 dS/m. In other words, for every
300,000 gallons of water used for leaching, about 1 ton of salt is delivered to
the compost. These salts must also be leached, reducing the leaching
effectiveness of the applied water.
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| Colorado River |
Compounding this problem is very high
evaporation, exceeding 4/10 of an inch of water per day, during summer months.
Evaporation of this water leaves behind salts, adding to the salt load which
must be lowered. This increased salt load also requires more water for
leaching.
evaporation, exceeding 4/10 of an inch of water per day, during summer months.
Evaporation of this water leaves behind salts, adding to the salt load which
must be lowered. This increased salt load also requires more water for
leaching.
Where does this water used for leaching
go? In the case of Las Vegas and other desert communities along the River,
these plant nutrients are fed into the Colorado.
go? In the case of Las Vegas and other desert communities along the River,
these plant nutrients are fed into the Colorado.
Soil amendments which contain quite a bit
of course plant fibers can become excessively dry in desert environments. Once
dry, these amendments can be difficult to wet without a lot of effort or
wetting agents. Hydrophobic amendments like these can also increase the
difficulty in leaching salts.
of course plant fibers can become excessively dry in desert environments. Once
dry, these amendments can be difficult to wet without a lot of effort or
wetting agents. Hydrophobic amendments like these can also increase the
difficulty in leaching salts.
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| Poor root development in sweet corn growing in a raised bed due to hydrophobic soil forming from incorporated compost. |
Establishing acceptable physical and
chemical criteria for soil amendments is important for the landscape and
nursery industry. Even more important is to educate consumers how to interpret
tests for soil amendments when applying them to specific landscapes. In this
way soils and soil amendments can be better managed. “Me too” standards is not
a sustainable answer to across-the-board recommendations for all landscapes.
chemical criteria for soil amendments is important for the landscape and
nursery industry. Even more important is to educate consumers how to interpret
tests for soil amendments when applying them to specific landscapes. In this
way soils and soil amendments can be better managed. “Me too” standards is not
a sustainable answer to across-the-board recommendations for all landscapes.
Poor embattled Colorado River dealing with extra leached salts on top of low flow.
Living in Cape Town's mediterranean (and current drought) climate with sandy soil, I mulch heavily with chipped garden prunings.